![]() ![]() The performance-enhanced past of the pelotonĭrugs have been used to enhance athletic performance for millennia, stretching back to at least the ancient Olympic Games (16). This review provides a brief history of the PED culture and use in professional cycling, followed by an examination of some of the key developments in the sport that has helped preserve the two-speed phenomenon in a peloton riding within an increasingly strict anti-doping framework. These factors can differ greatly between teams and individual riders and thus help maintain the two-speed phenomenon. Although this may be a reasonable assumption, it discounts the many substantial advances made in training, nutrition, technology, and strategy, as well as the growing talent pool of potential professionals and the early age at which they begin to seriously structure their training, racing, and recovery. Given the well-documented benefits of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs), there is an expectation that the intensification of anti-doping measures in professional cycling leads to more homogeneous performance levels in the peloton by reducing the number of artificially enhanced riders. However, despite increasingly stringent doping controls in professional cycling along with a clear shift in doping culture, the concept of two-speed cycling remains. The concept of “cycling at two speeds”, cyclisme à deux vitesses, has historically been used to distinguish between chemically enhanced riders and those who ride clean (134). The role of each rider in a given race is typically based on strengths, weaknesses, and objectives, and can be modified by injuries, fitness level, personal goals, and unexpected in-race developments. The main pack of riders navigating the road in a cycling race, known as the peloton, comprises a wide range of physiological, anthropometrical, technical, and strategical attributes. ![]() Key Words: professional cycling performance-enhancing drugs marginal gains performance analysis INTRODUCTION This review explores several key developments in road cycling and their implications for the modern professional peloton. Teams and riders are now able to leverage these to improve training, recovery, equipment, race tactics and more, often from a very early age. The tools and technologies available to assess the demands of the sport, the capabilities of the riders, and the role of environmental factors such as wind resistance, altitude, and heat are more refined and comprehensive than ever. Over the past decade, the sport appears to have transitioned away from large-scale systematic doping and towards novel, legal performance-enhancing strategies, facilitated by a close relationship with scientific, technological, and engineering communities. Throughout its modern era, professional cycling has seen anti-doping efforts repeatedly intensify on the heels of several large doping scandals. Throughout 20th century, many relied on performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) which gave rise to a phenomenon called “two-speed cycling”. In the history of professional cycling, riders have always sought competitive advantages. His research areas include genetic disease risk, physical performance, motivational dynamics, and human nutrition.Ĭan there be two speeds in a clean peloton? Performance strategies in modern road cycling ABSTRACT Trondheim, Norway, PB 8905, N-7491 Trondheim, Øvretveit, MSc3, is a physiologist and PhD candidate at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, >The Head Basketball app permissions settings are to use the game extension file required to run the app, and does not access or collect other personal information.1K.G. + Multiplatform multiplay "Competition" ( iOS, Android ) + Realistic movement based on a physics engine + Play multiplayer with players around the world + Develop your own character by upgrading ability scores + Decorating unique characters with various costumesįor each portion of the body from head to toe (Arcade, Campaign, Tournament, Survival, League, Death, Headcup) + Various experiences through seven different game modes + 45 different characters and their unique ability shots ![]() From the flame shot of Korea to the ghost captain of Great Britain!Įnjoy this simple basketball game with characters that have unique ability shots!ĭecorate unique characters with a variety of costumes,Ĭreate the best athletes by developing characters in your own way!ĭon’t miss out on winning matches with players and friends around the world! ![]()
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